International business and globalisation

International business is very common in the nowadays situation. By the development of the transportation, the limit of the country boundary has blurring. The trend of the globalisation has a most important affect on our daily life. When we buy a product, the brand in one but made in another.  In fact, the globalisation can be a challenge or opportunity as for the decision and management methods.

Actually, the international market is different  from the local market. The obvious thing is about legal, social , political and cultural. In some country,  they are reluctant to allow foreign business. Also, the international business should concern the subsidies, taxes and regulation. Then, An enterprise may notice the policies of working conditions and job protection such as minimum wages and the longest working hours.

Familiar with the local policies and political background is just a good beginning. The main points is the social and the cultural elements. For example : the well-known brand name called (Ferrero Rocher) which is a chocolate and food company , get a huge success in the Hong Kong ,Taiwan and Mainland China.  In the market research ,we can notice that nearly more that 30% of the chocolate market share in those regions for this company. In the main festival such as Chinese new year ,people always like to buy this  as a present. 

In fact, this company focuses on the cultural and social culture. It gets a huge success because of the knowledge for the local behavior. People in China always like to buy some decent present to give their relatives and friends. So, it is vital to concern their need and provide a change for them. Actually, the market gain in the greater China region is far more bigger and better than the European market. The enterprise gain more profit in Asia rather than their own market. 

To go to the international business, the following methods can be used : Foreign direct investment, licensing ,joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiary , E-commerce...  
Starbucks is as an example , it has different methods around the world.  In the UK or USA,the methods mainly focus on the foreign direct investment and wholly owned subsidiary. But in the Asia, the methods concern about Licensing and joint ventures.
So, different regions may include distinct strategies.

Besides, the globalisation is a dilemma issue. For the point of economics, it can get a benefit on it and provides a better life for all people.But ,for the other hand , Globalisation do include some drawbacks, The most vital one is inequality. In the news, We know that Primark do not do very well in the labor protection. So, it is not good for their image and may affect their process. As a business, when doing a international business, they should also pay attention for the image such as fair trade for starbucks so that the enterprise can get a long-term success.

Organisational strategy

Kay (1996) defined strategy as the match between the organisation's external relationship and its internal capability. For some extent, it focuses on the decision of the resources so that an organisation can cultivate their performance.  To achieve long run goals and objectives, allocation of resources is extremely important for the long term direction.
There are lots of elements : people, decide, organise ,Major , resources , enhance performance ,enterprise.

Two major perspectives on the strategy process are very common - Planning and Learning.
The majority of companies would like to use these strategy on their business. The first one - Planning- is the most common one which is used in many firms. Planning is easier than other strategy because a company only need to identify the organisation's current mission.
and then,  By utilizing the analytical tools ,  an enterprise predict the external environment and evaluate the internal features. This method is mainly for the stable environment and the future can be easily be predicted. After the goals and the external and internal issues, an organisation  formulate and implement the strategies. So, in this perspective , it is the most
common and simple one for many companies.

For example, the company called TVB (Television Broadcasts Limited, Hong Kong) has a great planning about the future. Since the changing society and the limited market on the local, the company has a plan to adapt  the changes. Nowadays ,people intent to watch a soap operas and TV programmes on the mobile phone or the internet rather than television.
Thus, TVB will like to set up a internet television to deal with the trend. Also, because of the limited market, the company develop their business around the world such as China , Taiwan , Malaysia and so on.



Besides, the newest one is the learning strategy which is an emergent or adaptive process.
Because of the changing situation, a intended strategy may not fulfill the real world. Therefore, after the operation , an unrealised strategy will be cancelled and a realised strategy will be applied when having a deliberating. The learning process is contingency or situational structure ,the business have a change according to the environment.

Besides, when developing a strategy, the company has more assumptions and broad scenario planning. The meeting will also become more informal than before.  The running process become more flexible. In the modern time , SWOT analysis has a great concern which including Strengths , weaknesses , opportunities and threats.




Also, I learned about the corporate level and business level. For example ,with business units of cost leadership, the travel company (Ctrip) is the famous brand in China. They provide a lower cost about the hotel , ticket . . . for traveler. In fact, They has a lower cost and Broad target which let them can be Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion.  The company Ctrip include distinct services and markets compared with other. Traveler could buy a cheaper ticket on the internet easily. It also a innovation of the travel method. It provides a more convenient way to travel.A company should keep in touch with the environment and develop their own specific strategy.

Placing organisations in context- part 2- the macro environment (PESTEL) and stakeholders

The macro environment focuses on the external elements,such as overall conditions and factors. It is a variable item affecting the business operation. A company should  pay attention on it since it may change the profit and efficiency of a firm. To overcome the challenges caused by the outer world, Managers need to realize and prevent the potential
risks and chances.

For one thing,understanding The PESTEL analysis is helpful for decision-making.
The PESTEL stands for political, economic ,socio-cultural, technological and legal should
be concerned in a company , No one can survive without  interaction with the environment. An organisation is a series of group behavior ,so which is affected by the human activities. The changes of society should be learned and solved by the manager.

Take Mcdonald as an example: Although it is the most famous fast food shop around the world, people tend to eat less on such junk foods and the net income of its decreases to the
US$5.46 billion  (2012). The mainly reason is for socio-cultural factors and Legal factors , Many of research indicated that the fast food shops is not health for ourselves especially Mcdonald.The junk foods include many toxic chemical materials, fat. As a result, The obesity rate has became more and more high than before and leads to be a serious issues for many countries.

Consumer tastes and preferences change a lot. They like the healthier products more rather than the unhealthier products.People begin to concern their health and nutrition. So,
people are far less likely to spend money on the fast food shops. And also,to strike the obesity issues,the government will do some legal regulations. For instance: the most
well-known Act called 'Fat Tax'  was implemented   in some countries (UK and USA).
Since this legal factor and the customers'  preferences, the gross profit of those unhealthy foods will be decreased correspondingly.

Apart from that, after the macro environment ,we cannot ignore the also vital part of
the stakeholders which contain different type of group and affect the business.
Managers need to satisfy their expectations and gain a positive views. Each stakeholder
should use different way to fulfill their need.

stakeholders is defined  "those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist." An organisation has a tight relationship with stakeholders. Managers need to
notice their desire and gain a stable business environment.

The latest affair, teachers went out on strike over pay, pensions and jobs, can be a deduction of the relationship between stakeholders and organisation. The mission of it
is for the additional  salary and welfare. Obviously, If the educational institution had a more good pay and benefits ,and improved the working condition , the strike would not happen
at all. In fact,the strike always cause a loss in whole. So, if company have a balance between the company's benefit and the employees needs , the condition of their relationship will more stable and the unwilling and unhappy action will not occur any more.

Therefore, Stakeholders is also a prerequisite element. Without it ,the company cannot run smoothly. Then, manager also need to control and realise the macro environment to adapt
the business to the outer circumstances. After these two components, a business organisation could gain a great success.
  

 

Placing organisations in context- part 1- internal environment, micro environment

The internal environment and micro environment have huge connection between them.
The former one is the core value and the later one is the outer element.

The internal environment consists of elements within the organisation,that means managers need to focus on the company inside for their running system and company style.They pay attention on the business resources  such as people ,finance, technology, power,culture, objectives,structure, business processes.

Apart from that, as for the micro-environment,it is the outer element of the internal environment.These factors include competitors , potential entrants ,substitutes suppliers, customers affecting the organization's immediate area of operations ,performance and decision making.

For example : Microsoft is the multinational company.It needs to have a strong inside structure and ability of communication. The vital management skills are required to establish an effective team work. The company must be run themselves smoothly without any serious issues.

So,the first step is to upgrade themselves,but the second step is adapt to the outer environment. Many important component should be realized more in the real situation .
For one thing,Suppliers and buyers will affect the market dramatically. A business organisation may know what the needs and what the wants .For other thing ,competition including potential entrants competitors substitutes would make the profit become low .
ATM ,IPHONE ,APPLE ,ANDROID are the competitors for Microsoft. Company should
realize their own position and to develop their talent and keep their ability as well as possible.

According to Porter,the ability of a firm to earn an acceptable return depends on five forces-
Bargaining power of buyers and suppliers ,threat of new entrants and substitutes.A change in any of the forces normally requires a business unit to reassess  ' the marketplace given the overall change in industry information.'   After the strong competitive rivalry has occurred, the profitability will be decreased.

Take transportation as an illustration, at the past, people may advice to go to Paris from London rather than by Airplane since it is more fast and more safe. There has a limited bargaining power of the airplane manufacturer of Bowing and Air bus of the air-company.But ,The Bargaining power of buyers is nearly zero ,because it is difficult to go to Paris by ship which is not safe and slow. At that time ,only few company supplied a airplane service cause of the government policy .

But now ,after the Train Infrastructure, It can be a substitute of aeroplane.The airline of the price  from London to   paris  and  other European cities  has decreased . Also, government allow other airline to enter the local market.So ,some economic airlines such as Ryanair
can prove a cheaper service.

So, a successful business firm should pay attention on the internal and micro environment,
Not only improve the inner elements ,but also keep in touch with the outer environment to
ensure a high relation with the society issues by scrutinizing the other competitions and the bargaining power of buyer and suppliers.These are the key point to gain a success.

 

Management Models through the years

Nowadays,many management models have appeared through the years.In fact,
The majority of approaches are based on the scientific management.After the past experience, people can know what is the most suitable  method to be applied in the
real company.From past to now, the society has changed a lot.We now have a mature
structure to apply in the firm or the factory.Different knowledge and ways are being used in
the company.

But,the scientific management may has some problem in the changing society.As a result,
Some other models are created.For the past,workers are  nearly no advanced ability to
fulfill the complicated activities.So,from that time, Manager intend to have a rational goal model and a internal process model rather than other.That mean employees only need to
accept the job and fulfill the mission.That model focuses on the stability control and direction goal clarity,They work as similar as the machine.

However,Many researches show that the better emotional feeling and proper rest could enhance the working efficiency.If the work conditions change to the better one,productivity will also increase simultaneously,and also,worker have higher ability and more knowledge than before.So,Some business company,do not follow the preciously one and follow the newest one.

Recently ,Management Models intent on the flexibility and external.For instance,GOOGLE,
which is one of the biggest companies of the world,set up a elastic working time and environment for employees.The models are about decentralisation and differentiation,an individual can more free and more happy when working.

In fact,It is said that the open systems model is one of the best choices of management models.Although ,some time,using this model may have a negative effect;Normally,its
benefits are outweigh  its drawback.

None of the models are good models without any changes and some amendment.
Actually,other models may right in some cases,but they also may include some
wrong message.

Why the external environment is more important than other? Just like NOKIA ,10 years ago,
It is the biggest mobile phone company in the world and nearly everyone use its product.
But,Due to the lack of the environment sense,He lose in the smart phone market.Finally,
The brand name has been purchased by Microsoft.

Be interactive with environment ,that is key to success.These years,many company have
many personal regulations which give people  more enjoyable about the work.
The rule is more relax,employee can have a vacation easily.It is quite good for manager to
concern on the human relations rather than profit.When managing the resources,
We couldn't only put effort on tangible resources - Profit,But to be active on the intangible
resources such as the Human relations and the environment.

Indeed, We cannot say some model is the best,But when we interacting with society ,people, emotion,price and so on  , We must change the model to follow the environment.
So,discussing Management models through the years ,No one can neglect the circumstances.The APPLE COMPANY( IPHONE SERIES) has a great success with
phone because of its innovation and revolution.So,keep in touch with the internal and  external conditions,have a elastic management and a sense with outer situations,these are
extremely vital elements of the recently years.

Organisation Design and Structure

   
The term Design and Structure are always focus on the human activities to
achieve a  goal and to have a supervision. Organisation can affect human
behaviour greatly,Because when people working in the company with
different format,An individual will have a different ability and efficiency.So,The Design and
structure are very important to control the human resources.

Talking about the main elements of organisation structure,Actually,there are many types
of structure.To design a suitable format of the specific firm,We need to consider the characteristic.In fact,the two main types are the mechanistic and organic structures.

The first one is autocracy that means worker have a high degree of task specialisation, they
must have the responsibility and authority.It also can be called the centralisation. Employee should be obeyed the top decision.No one can change or amend the policy.In this case,
people just need to finish their task,do not need to do other thing.

Many factory is the first one.Such as the company of Foxconn ( Foxconn is primarily an original design manufacturer and its clients include Apple ,Samsung ,Nokia and so on.
To increase the productivity, the factor need a detailed rule to control the labor and to achieve the mission.


The second one (organic) is about the free style of the working environment.Those structure mainly work about the job with elasticity.They need to do the job with their own ability and knowledge.Sometimes,People are expected to work together and use their initiative to solve problems.Just like the writer ,creator, inventor.Job descriptions and rules are few and imprecise.It also can be called Decentralisation, which means a decision can be made by one person.People may have more freedom in the workplace.

Apart from that, To gain more profit,managers would like divide the missions for individuals
or teams.It will specialize with function or divisions.The function approach can be efficient
while people having a special talent in the specific subject work together.Other,Divisions is another method.Managers use the method for more clear responsibility .Cooperation and
coordination are vital in this area.

For me ,I think we should not only use one method to the one system when the  organisation is full of variety.We must change with the environment correspondently.
Take SUBWAY be an example: AT first ,It only is a small fast food shop in the USA.
So,there is no any difficult management skill in it.The owner could have a  shopman or
do it by his/herself.It is a totally mechanistic activity.But when the Brand become more popular,It has more resources in it.So,for control the large resources .The company should be a complex structure to solve different issues.

In short,Different system have different advantages and drawbacks.Before choosing the structure,the size and the feature should be considered.  Very often, many diverse
structure could be applied in one organisation ,It depends on the efficiency and the orientation. Quantity and quality ,Which one is the best ?
    - whatever you want whatever you need!

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Introduction to Organisations and Management

When talking about the organization and management,We may  not divide them with the  distinct topic,because it is very similar.The organization comes first,and management
comes later.They are all about the human behavior.

Organization is a group of individuals having a same goals and objective to achieve.It also
is a open system  which has a continual interaction with the external environment,and  has a management structure.All of the organizations could have  different character but have a common theory which are coordination and cooperation .For instance,family ,school,community . . .all of the organization.

To operate variety of department and gain a great efficiency,manager should have a
proper arrangement.By setting up the rules,people can have a suitable division of labor
and a well communication with each other.Just like the school and the society,
we need to obey the regulation which make us have a high quality of life.

For administering different resources, people should set up a suitable method to
fulfill the mission.For instance,a hierarchy,authority and responsibility may be needed
in some situation so that the resources such as money ,human force,equipment,time can
be utilized smoothly.

Besides,There are two main models of organization,the formal organization and informal
organization.The first one is mentioned before,and the second one is a satisfaction of members' social needs and a sense of personal identity and belonging.

And also , There are  variety of  types of organizations including   non-profit organization
(School Union)  sole proprietorship (Virgin),, international organizations(Mcdonald)
charities (OXFAM) and so on .


As for the Management,it is a universal human activity and a distinct occupation.
That means we can use available resources efficiently and effectively.It depends on
obtaining information about external and internal ,and passing it to other.The hierarchy
always is established as well.

By Fredmund Malik defines as Management is the transformation of resources into utility.
 Henri Fayol (1841–1925)[3] considers management to consist of six functions:      forecasting     planning     organizing     commanding     coordinating     controlling.

Management is tangible and intangible resources.for example:Oticon which is the medical
product company.After conducting a lot of improvement of organisation
structure( organic structure) by chief executive, the firm can be better than before of controlling tangible and intangible resoucres,let the employee have the better work environment and the Oticon has more profit.

When I as a worker working in the jockey club as the telebet,I know that what is management My team leader supervise all of the employee to check whether or not they are lazy.To control the people, manager can set up a different way to communicate  from bottom to top and have a good mediation and communication.Staff must follow the rules to standardize the high serve standard.

As a telephonist,I realise that  good management skills cultivate the productivity for a company.For instance, In that telebet company, I own 30MIN LUNCH TIME and 10min break per hour and those benefits are whinin the working hours.That mean I can have
a relax in the working times. I think these are the great method to enhance our ability.
When we have more time to relax,we will more enjoy the work and have a better performance. It enhance the quality of the service. The customer can gain a clear information and betting their money smoothly. So, The good method of management
has a vital effect on the organisations. The employees enjoy their work,the customer gain a
great service.


To sum up,organisations and management seem to be a important role in the nowadays
situation.People may use those knowledge to achieve their objective more effectively
and more easier.It is the key to gain a  ideal efficiency.


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